The adage “Prostitution is the oldest profession in the world” is more than just a clever saying. While it contains a kernel of truth, it’s also somewhat misleading. This phrase was actually coined in 1898 by the Victorian author Rudyard Kipling.
In reality, there’s no evidence of sex work in primitive societies, and it didn’t exist in many parts of the world—especially in cultures that historically lacked concepts of sexual shame or infidelity. Though prostitution has a long history, it may not be as ancient as many assume.
Sex work is surrounded by controversy, debate, and misinformation, but the fact remains that it has long been a legitimate form of labor—if not one of the earliest occupations created by humans. Prostitution has allowed individuals to meet essential human needs such as connection, intimacy, and pleasure, while also providing livelihoods and income for sex workers.
It’s an honest profession with a rich history and background. If you’re ready to deepen your understanding of sex work, prostitution, and their complex past, you’re in the right place.
More Than Sex
A common misunderstanding is that prostitution revolves solely around sexual acts, but it encompasses far more. While sex workers may offer a range of sexual services, they also help fill gaps in people’s lives—whether emotional, companionship-based, sexual, or a combination.
Some clients seek no sexual activity at all; they may simply want to cuddle, talk, or find temporary companionship. Sex workers also provide a safe space for individuals to explore aspects of their sexuality or kinks that they might not feel comfortable sharing with a partner. Additionally, they offer an avenue for people with disabilities to experience intimacy, especially if they cannot or do not wish to do so with a partner.
Prostitution has played a vital role in human history and sexual evolution. But how and where did it all begin?
When and Where Did Prostitution Start?
Let’s begin with the basics: What is prostitution? According to Britannica, it is “the act of engaging in indiscriminate sexual activity with someone who is not a spouse, friend, or partner, in exchange for immediate payment or valuables.” Historically, most sex workers have been cisgender women, and their clients cisgender men, but individuals of any gender can be sex workers or clients.
One of the earliest historical references to prostitution dates back to 3000 B.C. in Uruk, modern-day Iraq. The Bible mentions the “whore of Babylon,” a term used to condemn sexual acts in the Roman Empire, such as sodomy and sex outside marriage.
Women with Power and Influence
While prostitution is often stigmatized in modern societies, this hasn’t always been the case. Across many eras and cultures, sex workers were among the most cultured women, capable of engaging in articulate conversations about politics, society, philosophy, and poetry—even influencing political decisions. They wielded power and influence without being confined by marriage.
During the Renaissance, Italian courtesans had the freedom to study, unlike most women of the time, who were often sent to convents for education. They enjoyed the same stability and security as married women while retaining their autonomy.
In Japan’s Edo period (early 1600s to mid-1800s), prostitutes were ranked, with “Oiran” at the top. These women entertained nobles and were highly articulate and well-spoken.
Similar to Japan, India historically had a tiered system for sex workers, mirroring its caste structure. Those in lower tiers faced discrimination and ostracism from families and society, while the highest tier, known as “Ganika,” were well-educated and integrated into high society.
Ancient Greece is another society closely associated with the history of prostitution, which also had a tiered system. The highest-ranked sex workers were skilled in high-class entertainments like dancing, singing, gymnastics, and fencing.
In 15th-century Ottoman Empire, young boys called “tellaks” worked in Turkish bathhouses, assisting clients with bathing and often providing sexual services. While this raises ethical concerns, these boys were well-compensated and able to keep their earnings.
The Dark Side of Prostitution
Prostitution hasn’t always been about mingling with nobles, escaping marital constraints, or pursuing education. Throughout history, sex workers have faced discrimination, criminalization, and punishment worldwide. Even Amsterdam, now famous for legal prostitution, once punished women caught engaging in sex work with severe penalties—including burial alive or the loss of an ear, as recorded in a 1650 case.
Beyond legal issues, physical and sexual health risks have plagued sex work. Historically linked to gambling and drinking, prostitution exposed sex workers to violence from clients and critics alike. They were also more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections, which were often fatal before modern medicine—syphilis being a notable example.
Present Day Prostitution
In modern times, the legality of prostitution varies by country and region. Even where it is illegal, prostitution exists globally.
Legalizing or decriminalizing prostitution can be a matter of life and death. In places where it is legal, governments and employers can provide critical safety protections, including routine STI testing, workers’ rights, and benefits.
Prostitution has endured for centuries, and it’s unlikely to disappear. Like all topics related to sexuality, open dialogue helps break down stigmas, increase education, and create safer environments for everyone involved.